00:00:01.299 - 00:00:22.040

Bring to the people of the land, all the benefits of the 20 th century progress facing realistically. However, the complexities of the present day farm labor system of California with the pressure of vertical integration, both on working farmers and farm workers. It is clear that the

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principal problem is not wages, housing or sanitation, but the imperative need of farm employers and farm workers working together with the aid of government to set up the indispensable machinery for stable and just labor management relations. This machinery means organization of farm producers into employer associations

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and organization of workers into unions, not only for the purpose of mutual responsibility to each other and in providing a dependable source of labor and for the fair collective bargaining, but also for working together to get from the whole economy, the proper recompense for the agricultural

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industry. Meanwhile, meanwhile, in view of the uh fate that the fact that labor means people and not an economic commodity. Existing labor legislation should be extended to cover farm workers in their need for fair labor standards, non discriminatory, employment opportunity, adequate sanitation and physical safety, minimum

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wage, social security and unemployment insurance provision should also be made for health, housing, apprenticeship, training, and education, opportunity of agricultural people. I'm going to skip a few paragraphs here. For the sake of brevity, the entire community must assume the burden of improving the farm workers lot,

00:02:05.160 - 00:02:27.100

the farmer must do his part. But as temporary employer, he cannot bear the entire burden, the contributions of the labor benefit, the entire community, not merely the farmer. So the responsibility must be community wide. The independent farmer is experiencing a hard struggle in maintaining his position

00:02:27.110 - 00:02:47.529

in society. While other segments of our economy have realized a steadily increasing return for their contribution. The farmer has witnessed a decreasing of his share of the consumer's food dollar family farms. So conducive to a sound moral and healthy social atmosphere in which to rear, the

00:02:47.539 - 00:03:05.559

next generation must not be allowed to pass away if the distribution of ownership long an American tradition and the ideal way of participating in the bounty of God is further diminished. The individual will no longer be able to earn a living and work out his salvation

00:03:05.570 - 00:03:22.880

in the whole noble profession of farming. The plight of the farm labor must be solved but not at the cost of eliminating the family farm, the farmer must be given a sufficient return for his product to meet the just need of those whom he employs. And

00:03:22.889 - 00:03:44.300

at the same time to retain his own proper position in society, society to which he contributes. So much. And the last page is a copy of the membership agreement of the National Farmers Organization. I wish to uh present this as an exhibit of the type of

00:03:44.309 - 00:04:10.009

thing we see as necessary on the part of farmers. I would like to read a paragraph from the first paragraph titled authorization. I authorize the National Farmers Organization, its agents or representatives to act for me as my exclusive representative in collective bargaining in respect to all

00:04:10.020 - 00:04:32.799

commodities marketed from my farm. And with the exception of those commodities presently covered by other marketing contracts and to enter into contracts with the processors of products I own and control covering the selling prices and other conditions of disposal and established marketing procedure. I further authorized

00:04:32.809 - 00:04:51.760

the said organization to act as my exclusive representative in the presentation prosecution and adjustment of any complaint that I may have against the processor of the commodities of my farm in accordance with with and subject to the rights and privileges granted me by the bylaws of

00:04:51.769 - 00:05:12.309

the National Farmers Organization. This organization as I understand is governed by the unit rule of voting. That means each member has only one vote, not a volume rule of voting by which the members are accorded votes according to the value or the volume of their production.

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We believe this is very important the picture as we see it would then be that such an organization expanding its efforts as also collecting collective bargaining representatives. For the growers would deal with union, the representative of the workers to arrive at a contract by which they

00:05:35.399 - 00:05:55.720

would be united together and then vigorously get in on the common market uh of America and battle from the American consumer through the processor and distributor for his rights. Uh This is necessary the as much as we would want and desire the family farmer, the independent

00:05:55.730 - 00:06:16.709

farmer to exist. He cannot just simply sit back and cry and wait and hope that he's going to get his share. He has to intelligently and cooperatively get into the marketplace and battle with everybody else for his fair share of what he is producing. Uh And

00:06:16.720 - 00:06:35.540

in that way, he will be able to pay his workers also their fair share for what they are producing. But his energies should not be misdirected as we believe they have been in the past by his advisers and directors into battling union organization. The independent farmers

00:06:35.549 - 00:06:51.040

should realize that the amount of money that he can get from the worker is very little and it's following the process of diminishing returns, he cannot become prosperous, he cannot become stable out of what he can get from the farm worker. He's got to become prosperous

00:06:51.049 - 00:07:13.429

and stable from what he can get from the American community. And so he should cease this, this unreasonable constant battle against the notion of dealing with organized labor, establishing union by contract and then use his energies to get from the American people a fair share for

00:07:13.440 - 00:07:32.290

the product that he has produced. I see it. Father, basically, what you're recommending is that the farmer accept collective bargaining on two fronts that he bargain collectively to get a better price for his commodities. And that he in turn allow his workers to bargain collectively with

00:07:32.299 - 00:08:06.440

him as to the wages that he pays. Are there any questions of Father mccullough? Thank you very much. Yeah, uh Mr Edward F Hayes, Manager of the Imperial Valley Farmers Association in El Centro. And I understand that he has offered to make part of his time

00:08:06.450 - 00:08:36.890

available to Monsignor Daniel J Keenan of Kalinga. Is that correct Mr Hayes and Monsignor Keenan? Do each of you swear that the evidence you're about to present to this committee shall be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. So help you God, you

00:08:36.900 - 00:08:52.260

may proceed with your statement, Mr Hayes. Thank you, Mr Chairman, Mr Chairman and gentlemen of the committee. My name is Edward F Hayes. I'm manager of the Imperial Valley Farmers Association. The notice mailed to us announcing this hearing indicated that your purpose is to bring your

00:08:52.270 - 00:09:09.830

information and data up to date and I will confine my remarks as they relate to Imperial County accordingly. The president of the Imperial Valley Farmers Association and several members have previously test given testimony to you and it is felt that we should therefore appear today a

00:09:09.840 - 00:09:27.349

review of the testimony previously given and a careful study of the labor situation in Imperial Valley during the season which for us ended in early summer disclosed little change in the general situation that has previ prevailed for several years. During the previous hearings, the responsible federal

00:09:27.359 - 00:09:45.830

and state agencies presented you with ample evidence to show the thoroughness of their administration of the farm labor program, which includes the most important factor of all the need for the Bracero Program because of the unavailability of qualified domestic workers. This situation is not isolated to

00:09:45.840 - 00:10:01.869

Imperial Valley but is general throughout the state. During certain seasons. The agricultural economy of California has been largely built on specialty crops that require large crews of men for short periods of time. It is the intermittent nature of much of our work that creates the problem

00:10:01.880 - 00:10:20.010

of continuity of employment for the workers and emphasizes the need for a supplemental labor program. If California is to continue the production of specialty crops that require hand labor. The introduction of the cotton picking machine and the sugar beet harvester are good examples of how mechanization

00:10:20.020 - 00:10:38.520

can reduce the labor needs in crops that lend themselves to mechanization. This also is a dramatic example of how the migrant farm workers itinerary changes as jobs vanish in crops that were preferred by the workers. What happened to the 120,000 workers who picked cotton in 1919

00:10:38.530 - 00:10:55.549

1949 and 1950 they were not Braceros, they were domestic workers. California's labor needs are just as great, but many of those workers changed their work pattern to other areas. And so were lost to California's other crops because there no longer were any cotton picking jobs to

00:10:55.559 - 00:11:12.619

end their season. It is also the seasonality of our labor needs. That could be the means of increasing the welfare load far out of proportion to what it is, it is or should be if California agriculture were forced to encourage unemployed or underemployed people from other

00:11:12.630 - 00:11:29.909

states to come here in sufficient numbers to man the jobs in our kind of farming. There is a definite question whether there are sufficient workers available at any rate. Texas state officials stated they had orders for 100 and five workers from other states with only 50,000

00:11:29.919 - 00:11:46.419

workers available to migrate. At the same time, Texas is the largest user of foreign labor. Most of the states have been obliged to use foreign labor or offshore labor. The eastern states use Puerto Ricans and British West Indians. The northern states including the state of Washington,

00:11:46.640 - 00:12:05.289

use Canadians and other states use mostly Mexicans with a few other nationalities. Our study of the itinerant worker is very discouraging. Mr Thornberg. In his testimony on January 15th, 1960 quoted the work history of 841 men referred to us by the farm labor office. He said

00:12:05.299 - 00:12:22.929

that during a four month period this group averaged 8.5 days work per man. What he didn't say was that 604 of these men worked from 1.5 hours to eight days with 472 working less than four days each. During the same period. There were an add, an

00:12:22.940 - 00:12:37.710

additional 81 men who were referred to us but failed to work at all. We have continued to give these people every opportunity to work but the results are the same. Imperial County is on the main East West Highway and these itinerants or Knights of the Road

00:12:37.719 - 00:12:52.869

only seek work for very short periods because they actually are not a part of a qualified labor force. They are unfortunate people who for one reason or another have become derelicts in the scheme of things. They come from all walks of life and it is time

00:12:52.880 - 00:13:07.770

that we as a great state and nation recognize them for what they are a social welfare problem that is everyone's responsibility, not just the farmers who had little or nothing to do with creating their problems, industry where they came from will not hire them at any

00:13:07.780 - 00:13:25.020

price. Probably many of these people could be rehabilitated and made useful citizens again to encourage migrant farm workers to come to Imperial County. The Imperial Valley Farmers Association has leased a large section of family housing from the County Housing Authority. This overcame the charge that there

00:13:25.030 - 00:13:41.010

was no family housing available for farm workers. We still have not been able to find families for the houses we have advertised for workers and based on information that there were workers available in Puerto Rico, we investigated that source all without success. The farmers of Imperial

00:13:41.020 - 00:13:55.349

County have just recently raised the base minimum pay scale to 85 cents per hour. Hoping to interest the workers. Our harvest is winter time and most of the migrant farm workers are home rather than seeking work. The pay raise may have increased our referrals of our

00:13:55.359 - 00:14:10.030

of, of itinerants but not our domestic workforce in the interest of saving time. We do not wish to repeat and review all that has gone before and been testified to but it is important to impress upon you that so far as Imperial County is concerned, we

00:14:10.039 - 00:14:25.804

are on, we are in no better economic condition now than before as our competition for market for our crops is still from the states to our east and south whose wage rates, freight costs and standards are so far below our that only our higher per acre

00:14:25.825 - 00:14:41.174

production makes it possible to compete with them from the standpoint of domestic workers. We are no better off than before because we have not been able to interest any appreciable number of workers that there is job opportunity and housing available to them. In Imperial County. Reference

00:14:41.184 - 00:14:57.789

has been made to the annual worker plan for domestic workers that it is claimed is so effective in some states. On November 25th, at 930 MC B STV had an hour long program by Edward R. Murrow called the Harvest of Shame. You gentlemen undoubtedly saw the

00:14:57.799 - 00:15:12.549

program that was the annual worker plan in action on the east coast. It is the pattern of that migration. That was the basis for the introduction of the annual worker plan. A mention was made for the need for new laws to correct the conditions and injustices

00:15:12.559 - 00:15:27.150

depicted in the picture. It must be agreed that there are many improvements that could be made in most stratas of our society. And certainly we do not contend that the migrants lot is perfect in California. But we are thankful that the conditions shown by Mr Morrow

00:15:27.159 - 00:15:45.030

are not those generally prevailing here. Canada California has always been in the lead in laws of this kind. Our workman's compensation, public housing, public health and sanitation, motor vehicle, public safety education, child labor laws are those that Mr Morrow deplored as being needed. We have had

00:15:45.039 - 00:16:00.760

them for years. Our farm labor contractor, license law and the motor vehicle code are probably the two factors most responsible for keeping the kind of migrants you saw on TV. Out of California, there are many migrants who do come to California, but they do not remain

00:16:00.770 - 00:16:17.530

as a crew, but rather attach themselves to a California licensed contractor or because of the abundance of work available to them. They seek work on their own. In the August 1960 edition of the reader's Digest page 141 there is a piece entitled eight myths about the

00:16:17.539 - 00:16:35.030

farm situation. In closing. May I quote from this magazine, Myth number eight, farmers aren't important anymore. There are too few of them though only one person in eight now lives on a farm. Consider a few facts about the place of farm families in our scheme of

00:16:35.039 - 00:16:56.580

things. Farmers provide us all with our daily bread and much of our clothing. Every 10 years they send to our city. Some 1,900,000 young people ready to work, trained in self reliance and responsibility and in our finest family traditions. Farming is our biggest single industry in

00:16:56.590 - 00:17:17.680

1959 farmers gross income was $46.3 billion. With that, with that money, farmers buy more petroleum than any other industry and a full half as much steel as the auto industry uses, they use more electric power than Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Detroit and Houston combined. It takes $6

00:17:17.689 - 00:17:34.310

billion worth of containers and pack packing materials to pack the food they raise in a year. Let's not forget the job that farming creates in food processing and distribution, in the manufacture and distribution of farm machinery and supplies. All these jobs are part of the agricultural

00:17:34.319 - 00:17:55.180

complex too. Citizens with a $46 billion income and $208 billion in assets who buy from nearly everybody and sell to everybody can't be dismissed as nobody's, most farmers are not special pleaders, but they do expect their fellow Americans when considering the farm problem to try to

00:17:55.189 - 00:18:15.760

get a fair picture of the situation. Mr Hayes. I'm wondering, do we have to have the farm labor contractor, the middleman and the recruitment and management of seasonal farm labor? No, sir. The uh would it be possible through such associations is the one that you manage

00:18:16.339 - 00:18:36.859

to handle this recruitment management? Yes, sir. And um I'm just wondering whether the farmers have explored the possibility that if this middleman were reduced and they took over that function, it couldn't be performed at less cost and therefore the workers uh frankly get some more compensation.

00:18:37.489 - 00:18:55.869

Imperial Valley where I live, we only have a mere handful of labor contractors who are active. Most of them pick up their workers at the international border of men who live in Mexicali every, every morning. So they don't perform the function of housing uh of the

00:18:55.880 - 00:19:12.380

workers as they do in the northern part of the state. They do transport them. But much of that work is done for people who lease their land and therefore have no attachment to the land as such or no uh no housing and no facilities to take

00:19:12.390 - 00:19:29.699

care of their workers. That's the situation in Imperial County. Farm labor contractors uh are not necessary. No, not in my book. And although you have leased, your association has leased this housing from Imperial County. Is this permanent housing? Is this a camp or is it that

00:19:29.709 - 00:19:42.400

we have, we, we have either leased or we own? But I was talking about the labor contractors, I was talking about uh land that is, is leased by farmers uh that they farm that has no uh buildings or no housing on the land on the land.

00:19:42.410 - 00:19:59.785

Therefore, they depend upon labor contractors to get workers from Mexico or from who have legal status to work for them. I'm not talking about. Well, I'm sorry, I'm shifting to another point in your statement. You referred to the fact that your association, at least certain housing

00:19:59.795 - 00:20:18.469

from the Imperial County Housing Authority. That's family, that's family housing of a permanent nature. Yes. And what is it? I mean, it's a rental consists of houses that are for rented, a very nominal rent. What is the rent? It runs from $22 a month to 40

00:20:18.479 - 00:20:44.109

depending on the size of the, of the house, but you haven't been able to recruit workers to families. I see any further questions, Mr Hayes, Mister Oman. Thank you, Mr Chairman Mr Hayes in October of 1959 the prevailing wage in Imperial County was 70 cents an

00:20:44.119 - 00:21:04.290

hour for all agricultural jobs. With a major exception of machine work in small grains in December of 1960. This wage, this prevailing wage is now 85 cents an hour. Was this increase reached by, on a bilateral basis or did the farmers alone decide to raise the

00:21:04.300 - 00:21:18.829

wage? The farmers alone, the commodity groups met. Uh Speaking of the last race, the one that I uh was uh a part of, you might say they started in August with their meetings, obviously, of course, is a bad month in Imperial County. And uh there's not

00:21:18.839 - 00:21:34.319

too many of the farmers uh uh there, it's kind of warm. Uh And by October they completed their meetings and advised us that uh that was their decision was to raise the basic wage to 85 cents an hour. And we were the vehicle who announced it

00:21:34.329 - 00:21:49.689

to the public and to the Department of Employment because it automatically raised the base pay for the Mexican nationals as well as the domestic workers. Did this raise in pay have any effect on the proportion of the workers that were Bracero and the proportion that were

00:21:49.699 - 00:22:06.650

uh local. Uh I'm not, no, I don't have enough history down there. Uh Senator to give you a, a good answer. I can say that uh because of the cotton picking machine, we used about 20% less Braceros this year than last uh that the uh first

00:22:06.660 - 00:22:23.489

of the November last year, we had 9700 Mexican nationals there this year we had 7600. Uh but that I think was cotton picking machine rather than wages. Uh, there, uh, there has been an increase in the number of people applying for work quite a marked increase,

00:22:23.500 - 00:22:35.160

but their quality is very poor and their turnover and their movement is, is about the same as it has been in the past. They will work from an hour and a half to a half a day. They ask, uh, demand their pay and they, and they're

00:22:35.170 - 00:22:55.020

gone, they're moving east just getting enough money to get further on east. At our hearing in El Centro, the committee was told the reason why the cotton grown in Imperial Valley was uh seemed to lag in reference to the rest of the cotton crop in California

00:22:55.030 - 00:23:11.140

with relation to machine harvesting was the, the weather and the, the wetness of the cotton in the morning, particularly, uh the increased use of machines down there. Would this indicate that this problem has been licked? Well, I, I'm not, I don't think it's very wet in

00:23:11.150 - 00:23:25.469

the morning down there. We don't have much dew uh They need do to defoliate usually after they've sprayed. But uh I think the problem that they were faced with down there was the, uh the, the, the fact that it's tall and, and uh and tangled. It's,

00:23:25.479 - 00:23:40.160

it's uh it's ranked whereas it's in the San Joaquin Valley, it uh they're able to control it. I think they have been trying to overcome that. Uh Again, my experience is not uh too great, but that's my understanding that previously it was because of the rankness

00:23:40.170 - 00:23:55.250

of the cotton. It grew very tall and it was hard to get into with machines. Thank you. I see you, Keenan. Uh My name Monsignor Keenan, I'm from King and I'm representing no one but myself, I'm here as an individual. Uh If I might be excused

00:23:55.260 - 00:24:05.599

from telling the whole truth, I'll tell all I tell you will be the truth. But if I took the whole truth, it would take too long. But uh I think I can answer a couple of questions that you raised a while back about the decrease in

00:24:05.609 - 00:24:23.489

the interstate and the interstate labor. I think in our area, it's largely due to rotation of crops and mechanization uh before it was cotton alone. Now it's melons, it's potatoes, it's cotton, it's uh lettuce for seed, carrots, for seed, cabbage and onions. And that rotation tends

00:24:23.500 - 00:24:43.550

to lessen the number of uh migrants that are coming in at any one time and to increase stability in the community, for example, on the cotton. In other words, the crop pattern now gives more opportunity for local employment and less opportunity for better ones there locally.

00:24:44.609 - 00:25:02.560

Now, for example, um our cotton at the present time runs about two bales per acre. It takes about 1150 to 1200 pounds of picked cotton to make a 500 pound bale. And there's no reason why a man cannot pick 400 pounds a day in our area

00:25:02.569 - 00:25:16.619

for an average wage of about a dollar and a half at $3 100. If he wants to press himself, he might do a little better. Um, that would be a whole day's work on a, uh, I mean, a whole week's work on one acre, but the

00:25:16.630 - 00:25:30.699

machine will go almost an acre an hour. But the machine costs from 11,000 to $20,000 depending whether it's a single or the double machine. And uh, the drivers of those machines, uh, they are from a dollar and a quarter to a dollar and a half an

00:25:30.709 - 00:25:47.810

hour. So it just about equalizes the wages. And the farmer then is put in the, uh, the X ray into the machine and the maintenance thereof on the use of youth in there. I heard the, uh, Mr knows at the uh United States Senate Hearing Committee

00:25:47.819 - 00:26:01.849

and say that nobody under 16 should be allowed in the field. I think to bringing those younger people in there, especially during the summer time during the nonschool time would contribute greatly to the, to the uh decrease of juvenile delinquency and letting them become a part

00:26:01.859 - 00:26:16.050

of the family and part of their earning in there. But we do have another phase in there with the uh $600 allowance and many of them will work till they get 600 then quit because they can no longer be a dependent upon their parents. That's one

00:26:16.060 - 00:26:30.459

part of the problem now, to get to the part that I would like to testify on is this uh farming is an entirely different operation from anything else they say, why shouldn't farmer be comparable to the others? Because the farmer cannot control the elements there of

00:26:30.469 - 00:26:44.290

uh weather, he cannot control markets, he cannot control production close enough to the uh operation to uh be able to uh do like the unions. I mean, like the uh automobiles and the rest of them do where they can stop at any time they want. The

00:26:44.300 - 00:26:54.949

farmer can't stop. He's got to keep it going many times with the fruit on the trees. He's got to pick them whether they can sell them or not. So he's not in the same position as the rest of the people. And any problem worked out for

00:26:54.959 - 00:27:10.599

the farmer then cannot be on that uh labor pattern of uh factories and industrial work from what I've told you, uh on the cost, I mean, the picking cotton, there's no reason why men in our area cannot earn right now from a dollar and a half

00:27:10.609 - 00:27:24.270

to a dollar 75. If they want to irrigate with the overhead irrigation, they can make as much as 18 to $20 a day when it comes into melons if they want to work uh 15 to $25 a day if they want. But with 100 any place

00:27:24.280 - 00:27:38.689

from 90 to 100 and 10 degrees. Our average American migratory labor doesn't want to put out that labor. And the farm is compelled to bring in the Bracero in order to harvest that crop and no amount of change of the, uh, wage scale would do it.

00:27:39.030 - 00:27:51.089

Uh, I don't believe in a minimum wage. I do believe that piece work should be such that the man can earn a decent wage. For example, with $3 per 100 for cotton, he can get a dollar and a half an hour. If he wants to push

00:27:51.099 - 00:28:03.959

himself and work 10 hours, he can do better than that because it's strictly see. So he'll be there for six weeks or eight weeks. And that is all for the melons. It's another five or six weeks as to the, uh, failure to earn enough to house

00:28:03.969 - 00:28:20.800

the people. I've done quite a little extensive investigation. This, uh, just this last week I came across one family from Texas, a man, a boy of 17, a boy of 13, 2 smaller Children and the wife, only the 17 year old and the husband, uh, the

00:28:20.810 - 00:28:37.930

man are working their income in the last seven months from figs from, uh, grapes and, uh, a little salty end of beaches has amounted this year, $7000 plus what they're going to earn in cotton. If those people want to work, they can. But we do have

00:28:37.939 - 00:28:50.109

that human element of the floats and, and jetsam of humanity that's floating in there. And our s sisters and some of our union people are wor worrying about this. They're not the problem of the farmer to see that they live as they'd like to live without

00:28:50.119 - 00:29:04.280

working. If they, in our area, they can earn enough to decently support themselves for the time they're there. And with that rotation of cops, there are more and more coming in in the Huron school, which is the one of those patches of squalor, the patches of

00:29:04.290 - 00:29:21.020

poverty they call might have been in that picture. It could have been uh the school uh population has increased 90 this year. That's about, I would say about uh 12% because of these people that are now through the rotation of crops, staying there longer and we

00:29:21.030 - 00:29:37.380

are getting a better element in there so that any legislation that's enacted should take into consideration the type of the human type and element of those people that are coming through there. Um housing and transportation, we already have adequate laws so that the main thing that

00:29:37.390 - 00:29:50.140

we need more than anything else is education of these people, how to maintain themselves and take care of themselves with what they earn. We have too many as he speaks here of these migrants. We I think we have about three train loads a week when I

00:29:50.150 - 00:30:01.739

say train loads. I mean two or three buses go down to skid row in Los Angeles, bring them up. I've been told that the average length of employment is about four days when they come from Los Angeles just enough to get going. Now, uh, I do

00:30:01.750 - 00:30:15.770

believe that those people should be unionized if they freely wanted, but I don't believe in goon squads going in there and rocking them off their ladders and saying that they're self a pointed, uh, saviors of these working people. I do believe they should have a, to

00:30:15.780 - 00:30:28.310

organize if they want. But how are you going to organize them is another problem when they're coming from Texas and Oklahoma, Arkansas and Tennessee and the rest of the places, it's a problem that probably could work out. I don't know how you could do it. That

00:30:28.319 - 00:30:48.719

is all I have to say them. Any questions. Thank you very much, Monsignor. You and Father mccullough must have some interesting discussions. We do. They are Senator Rata. Any questions Mr Oman? Thank you very much.